خواص دارویی و گیاهی
The extract of the Ginkgo leaves contains flavonoid glycosides and terpenoids (ginkgolides, bilobalides) and has been used pharmaceutically for hundreds of years. It has many alleged nootropic properties, and is mainly used as memory and concentration enhancer, and anti-vertigo agent. Ginkgo extract seems to have three effects on the human body: it improves blood flow (including microcirculation in small capillaries) to most tissues and organs; it protects against oxidative cell damage from free radicals; and it blocks many of the effects of PAF (platelet aggregation, blood clotting) that have been related to the development of a number of cardiovascular, renal, respiratory and CNS (Central Nervous System) disorders.
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Appears to be effective in: alleviating age-related memory impairment in some elderly people with mild to moderate age-related memory or cognitive impairment; improving cognitive function in healthy young to middle-aged people; improving symptoms of Alzheimer’s, vascular or mixed dementia; improving damage to the visual field in patients with normal tension glaucoma; decreasing the number of painful attacks in patients with Raynaud’s syndrome; and may improve symptoms of vertigo and dizziness in some patients.
The mechanism by which ginkgo biloba is thought to be effective for these conditions appears to be in part through active “ginkgolides” terpenoids and flavinoids that appear to inhibit platelet aggregation, neutrophil degranulation, and the induction of oxygen-free radical productionداروی ginkgo biloba
The compounds found in ginkgo may have a protective
role in different stages of the decline of intellectual function via several mechanisms of action: vasoregulating activity of arteries, capillaries, and veins (increased blood flow); platelet activating factor (PAF) antagonism; homeostasis of inflammation and oxidative stress; and prevention of cell membrane damage causedby free radicals; and neurotransmission modulation.
The most important substances are flavonoids (ginkgo flavone glycosides) and terpenoids (ginkgolides and
bilobalide).The compounds inginkgo act to varying degrees as scavengers for free radicals.
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Structured data covering drug contraindications. Each contraindication describes a scenario in which the drug is not to be used. Includes restrictions on co-administration, contraindicated populations, and more.
Structured data representing warnings from the black box section of drug labels. These warnings cover important and dangerous risks, contraindications, or adverse effects.
Fresh seeds are toxic and may cause death. Roasted seed and crude ginkgo plant should not be used orally. Consumption of greater than 10 roasted seeds may cause difficulty breathing, weak pulse, seizures, loss of consciousness, and shock. Standardized ginkgo leaf extracts have been used safely in trials lasting several weeks to six years; however, cases of spontaneous hemorrhages have been reported with the conventional use of the standardized extract. As with all medications, individual risk factors must be considered in the assessment of safety of this medication.
This medication is well-tolerated at standard oral doses. Ginkgo biloba may cause gastrointestinal upset, headache, dizziness, palpitations, nausea, vomiting, lack of muscle tone and weakness.
Extended description of the mechanism of action and particular properties of each drug interaction.
A severity rating for each drug interaction, from minor to major.
A rating for the strength of the evidence supporting each drug interaction.
An effect category for each drug interaction. Know how this interaction affects the subject drug.
Klaus-Peter Schwabe, “Method of preparation of an extract from Ginkgo biloba leaves and pharmaceuticals containing the extract.” U.S. Patent US5322688, issued July, 1989.
There is additional data available for commercial users including Adverse Effects, Contraindications, and Blackbox Warnings. Contact us to learn more about these and other features.
Drug created on July 06, 2007 14:33 / Updated on July 02, 2019 20:17
یک گیاه دارویی است که در درمان بیماری های زیر موثر است:
مشکلات گردش خون سرخرگی، تصلب شرائین مغزی، ادم مغزی، نارسایی عروق مغزی، ناشنوایی گوش داخلی، کاهش بینایی و شنوایی در اثر نارسایی عروق، اختلال در حافظه یا قدرت تمرکز، لنگی متناوب پاها در نتیجه انسداد عروق و نرسیدن خون کافی به آنها، رتینوپاتی (اختلال در شبکیه چشم)، سرد شدن انتهای دست ها و پاها به دلیل نرسیدن خون کافی به رگ های محیطی، تضعیف حافظه کوتاه مدت، زنگ زدن گوش ها (با منشاء عروقی)، بیماری های عروقی، سرگیجه (با منشاء عروقی) .
این گیاه دارویی به خصوص در بیماری آلزایمر و دمانس مغزی (اختلال در حافظه به دلیل پیری یا بیماری) مفید است. این داروی گیاهی به شکل کپسول، قرص یا شربت وجود دارد.
در موارد زیر باید قبل از مصرف Ginkgo با پزشک مشورت کرد، چون ممکن است ضرر داشته باشد: داروی ginkgo biloba
1- اگر دچار مشکلی در انعقاد خون هستید، زیرا Ginkgo دارای خاصیت ضد انعقاد خون است.
2- اگر وارفارین (warfarin)، هپارین یا هر نوع داروی کاهش دهنده غلظت خون مثل آسپرین را با تجویز پزشک و بطور مرتب مصرف می کنید، زیرا این داروها ممکن است با Ginkgo تداخل کنند.
3- اگر نسبت به فرآورده های این گیاه دارویی دچار حساسیت یا آلرژی هستید.
4- اگر باردار هستید یا می خواهید باردار شوید.
5- اگر در دوران شیردهی هستید.
6- اگر می خواهید آن را به کودک خود بدهید.
*مقدار دوز مصرفی آن چقدر است؟
مقدار مصرف این داروی گیاهی به نوع بیماری و شدت علائم آن بستگی دارد.
*چگونه باید این داروی گیاهی را مصرف کنیم؟
کپسول یا قرص این داروی گیاهی را در دهان گذاشته و با یک لیوان پر از آب ببلعید. برای تاثیر بهتر این مکمل و در شرایطی که معده ی حساسی دارید، شربت، چای یا فرم تزریقی این دارو توصیه می شود. شما می توانید همراه غذا یا بدون غذا آن را بخورید.
* چه داروهایی با Ginkgo تداخل می کنند؟
هپارین، وارفارین، کومارین و هر نوع داروی کاهش دهنده غلظت خون. همچنین اگر آسپرین با تجویز پزشک و طبق یک برنامه، بطور مرتب مصرف می شود، ممکن است با Ginkgo تداخل کند.
* اثرات جانبی Ginkgo چیست؟
اگر Ginkgo بطور صحیح مصرف شود، اثرات جانبی آن خیلی کم است. ولی هرگاه شما مدتی بعد از مصرف Ginkgo علائم زیر را مشاهده کردید، فوراً مصرف دارو را قطع کنید و آن علائم را به پزشک خود اطلاع دهید:
واکنش حساسیت شدید مثل تب، تورم رگ های خونی، ادم یا خیز، درد عضلات یا مفاصل، خونریزی در چشم، خونریزی زیرپوستی، مشکلاتی در انعقاد خون.
معمولاً رفع این اثرات جانبی نیاز به درمان پزشکی ندارد، ولی اگر این عوارض جانبی ادامه پیدا کرد یا تشدید شد، مصرف دارو را قطع کنید و به پزشک اطلاع دهید.
سردرد، بداخلاقی، تهوع، بی قراری و جوش از سایر عوارض جانبی می باشند.
*هنگام مصرف Ginkgo به چه چیزهایی باید دقت کنم؟
قبل از خرید این داروی گیاهی، برچسب آن را به دقت بخوانید، زیرا مواردی دیده شده است که یک داروی گیاهی داروی اجزاء اصلی و فعال که دارای اثرات درمانی هستند، نمی باشد.
همیشه سعی کنید از یک داروخانه ی معتبر، این داروی گیاهی را تهیه کنید و دقت کنید که استاندارد باشد و تقلبی نباشد.
*کجا باید آن را نگهداری کنیم؟
دور از دسترس کودکان در یک محل نگهداری کنید. در دمای اتاق (15 تا 30 درجه سانتیگراد) باشد. گیاه تازه ی Ginkgo و فرم تزریقی و شربت آن را در یک محفظه ی بدون هوا، خشک و تاریک نگه دارید.
اگر تاریخ انقضای دارو تمام شده بود، باقیمانده ی آن را دور بریزید.
* آیا می توانید اطلاعات بیشتری در مورد این داروی گیاهی به ما بدهید؟
جینگو بیلوبا یکی از قدیمی ترین انواع درخت هاست و حدس زده می شود که قدمت 200 میلیون ساله داشته باشد. درختی مقاوم با برگ های سبز روشن و به شکل بادبزن است. طول این درخت حدود 38 متر است. درخت ماده در فصل پاییز میوه می دهد که شبیه آلو است.
برگ ها و دانه درون میوه ی این درخت، خواص دارویی دارند، ولی گوشت میوه ی آن سمی است و باید با احتیاط به آن دست زد و آن را استفاده کرد. این گیاه اغلب به عنوان یک داروی گیاهی مصرف می شود.
Ginkgo یک گیاه دارویی است که جریان خون را در دست ها و پاها افزایش می دهد و باعث بهبود کار مغز و تقویت حافظه ی کوتاه مدت می شود.
این گیاه دارویی خون رسانی را به مغز افزایش می دهد، در نتیجه باعث می شود قند بیشتری وارد سلول های مغزی شود و انتقال پیام های عصبی را تقویت می کند.
Ginkgo دارای خواص آنتی اکسیدانی است، زیرا باعث تقویت عمل پلاکت های خونی و سلول های عصبی و افزایش خون رسانی به سیستم عصبی و مغز می شود.
همچنین ویسکوزیته (غلظت و چسبندگی) خون را کاهش می دهد.
باعث گشاد شدن رگ های خونی می شود.
تخریب شبکیه چشم را که در نتیجه ی تخریب ماکولار رخ می دهد، کاهش می دهد.
از کری ناشی از کاهش خون رسانی (جریان خون) جلوگیری می کند.
* مطالب مرتبط :
اثرات مفید گیاهان دارویی
داروی ginkgo biloba
گیاهان دارویی مفید در سرماخوردگی
گیاهان مؤثر در سوء هاضمه
گیاه ” اسفرزه ” کلسترول خون را کاهش می‌دهد
Medically reviewed by Drugs.com. Last updated on Dec 20, 2018.
Scientific Name(s): Ginkgo biloba L.Common Name(s): Ginkgo, Ginkyo, Kew tree, Maidenhair tree, Yinhsing (Japanese silver apricot)
Ginkgo has been studied extensively in diverse medical conditions. Findings from large trials have been pivotal in evaluating the efficacy of G. biloba extracts; however, there is not enough quality evidence to support the use of ginkgo for any indication. Evidence is lacking to support a protective role in cardiovascular conditions and stroke. Ginkgo’s place in therapy for dementia seems limited, and a role in schizophrenia has not been established. Additionally, data do not support enhanced cognitive function resulting from G. biloba use in healthy individuals. Although interest exists in chemotherapeutic applications, safety concerns persist.
Standardized ginkgo leaf extracts have been used in clinical trials for cognitive and cardiovascular disorders at daily doses of 120 to 240 mg.
Contraindications have not been established.
داروی ginkgo biloba
Information regarding safety and efficacy in pregnancy and lactation is lacking. Ginkgo should be used with caution during pregnancy, particularly around labor due to risk of prolonged bleeding time, and should be avoided during lactation.
At recommended doses, standardized preparations of ginkgo leaf extract are unlikely to exhibit any clinically important interactions.
Severe adverse reactions are rare; possible reactions include headache, dizziness, heart palpitations, and GI and dermatologic reactions. Ginkgo pollen can be strongly allergenic. Contact with the fleshy fruit pulp may cause allergic dermatitis similar to that caused by poison ivy.
Concerns persist regarding the safety of ginkgo leaf extract, based on studies in rodents that suggested increased mitosis and proliferation of tumor cells, as well as the large Ginkgo Evaluation of Memory (GEM) study in which the potential for an increased risk of certain cancers was noted. Consumption of the seeds may induce a toxic syndrome.
The dioecious ginkgo is the world’s oldest living tree species. It has been traced back more than 200 million years to fossils of the Permian geologic period and is the sole survivor of the family Ginkgoaceae. Individual trees may live as long as 1,000 years and grow to a height of approximately 38 m. Ginkgo has characteristic fan-shaped leaves. Male trees older than 20 years blossom in the spring, and adult female trees produce plum-like, yellow-brown drupe that fall in late autumn. The fleshy layer and pulp have a foul, offensive odor and can cause contact dermatitis. The edible inner seed resembles an almond and is sold in Asian markets.USDA 2018, WHO 1999
The ginkgo species almost became extinct during the last ice age that began approximately 2 million years ago. The species survived in China, where it was cultivated as a sacred tree, and it still decorates Buddhist temples throughout Asia. Ginkgo preparations have been used for medicinal purposes for more than 1,000 years. Traditional Chinese physicians used ginkgo leaves to treat asthma and chilblains. Roasted ginkgo seeds were consumed in ancient China and Japan and were considered a digestive aid and preventive agent for drunkenness. In the Western world, ginkgo has been used since the 1960s, when technology made it possible to isolate its active compounds. The flavonoids act as free radical scavengers, and the terpenes (ginkgolides) inhibit platelet-activating factor. Ginkgo is one of the most commonly prescribed medications in Europe, but it is not approved for medical use in the United States, where it is sold only as a nutritional supplement.Mohanta 2014, WHO 1999
Reviews of the chemical constituents of ginkgo have been published. Analytical methods, biological standardization, and fingerprinting of ginkgo extracts have been reported.Liu 2015, Ude 2013, van Beek 2009
The main medicinal constituents of ginkgo are found in the leaf. These include flavonoids and several terpene trilactones unique to ginkgo (ginkgolides and bilobalide). The 3 major flavonoids of ginkgo are quercetin, kaempferol, and isorhamnetin. Approximately 40 minor flavonoids have also been identified, including catechins, dehydrocatechins (proanthocyanidins), and flavones (eg, ginkgetin, amentoflavone, bilobetin, sciadopitysin). The major terpene molecules unique to ginkgo are ginkgolides A, B, C, J, and M and bilobalide. Other medicinal constituents of ginkgo include shikimic, vanillic, ascorbic, and p-coumaric acids. Other leaf components include the steroids sitosterol and stigmasterol, polyprenols, benzoic acid derivatives, carbohydrates, straight chain hydrocarbons, alcohol, ketones, and 2-hexenol. There is seasonal variation in active compound content of the leaves, with the highest amounts present in autumn.Liu 2015, Ude 2013, van Beek 2009
The seed portion of ginkgo contains carbohydrate (38%), protein (4%), and less than 2% fat. Ginkgotoxin, amino acids, cyanogenetic glycosides, and long-chain phenols, including anacaric acid, bilobol, and cardanol, are also present. Ginkgolic acid and related alkylphenols from the lipid fraction of the fruit pods have been reviewed. The foul-smelling odor of the fleshy portion of the seedcoat is caused by high concentrations of butanoic and hexanoic acids. 4-O-methylpyridoxine has been isolated from the seeds.Liu 2015, Ude 2013, USDA 2018, van Beek 2009
A standardized extract of G. biloba leaves has been examined in several forms of cancer, and numerous mechanisms of action have been proposed based on in vitro studies.Cao 2017, Eli 2006, Li 2002, Liu 2017, Lou 2017, Park 2017, Pretner 2006 Some animal experiments suggest that ginkgo leaf extract reduces the risk of oral cavity, stomach, and colorectal cancer.Ahmed 2017, Chen 2005, Kim 2005, Wang 2000 The deleterious effects of electromagnetic radiation on hippocampal cells were reduced by ginkgo extract given to rats for 1 month,Gevrek 2018 and a protective effect was reported in bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis in rats.Iraz 2006
Conversely, in a mouse colon cancer model, ginkgo exacerbated metastasis to the liver and decreased necrosis and apoptosis of tumor cells.Wang 2017 This is potentially explained by observed carcinogenicity of quercetin in rodents.Wang 2017
Limited clinical studies evaluating use of ginkgo in cancer have produced equivocal findings. Smaller clinical studies have generally reported positive findings,Bonassi 2018, Hauns 2001, Xu 2003 and one epidemiologic study claimed that ginkgolide A and B may be associated with chemoprevention of certain forms of ovarian cancer.Ye 2007 However, in an analysis of cancer as a secondary end point in the 3,069 participants of the GEM study, no protective effect of ginkgo was observed. For site-specific cancers, there were nonsignificant trends towards an increased risk of breast (hazard ratio [HR], 2.15; 95% CI, 0.97 to 4.8; P=0.06) and colorectal (HR, 1.62; 95% CI, 0.92 to 2.87; P=0.1) cancers, and a reduced risk of prostate cancer (HR, 0.71; 95% CI, 0.43 to 1.17; P=0.18).Biggs 2010
Antioxidant effects of G. biloba extract were studied in Chernobyl nuclear accident recovery workers with clastogenic factors evidenced as DNA fragmentation and damage. G. biloba extract was tested on the plasma of salvage personnel; after 2 months of treatment at 120 mg per day, plasma clastogenic factors regressed or completely disappeared.Eli 2006, Emerit 1995 An anticlastogenic effect was demonstrated for ginkgo versus placebo in patients with Graves disease who were receiving radioiodine therapy.Dardano 2007
Animal studies report efficacy in preventing cardiovascular conditions, and researchers have attempted to explain the mechanisms by which the extract may act.Abdel-Zaher 2017, Jiang 2017, Li 2009, Tang 2017, Wu 2008 Antiplatelet activity has been described, although evidence from controlled studies consistently indicates that ginkgo does not significantly impact hemostasis.Bone 2008
Evidence is lacking to support a protective role in cardiovascular conditions and stroke.
The GEM study (N=3,069 elderly men and women) preplanned an evaluation of cardiovascular outcomes and found no evidence that ginkgo 240 mg/day reduced total or cardiovascular mortality or cardiovascular events.Kuller 2010 A statistically significant positive finding was obtained for ginkgo in peripheral vascular disease; however, the number of events was too small to make any generalizations.Kuller 2010 Similarly, ginkgo did not reduce blood pressure in hypertensive or normotensive participants in the GEM study.Brinkley 2010 A 2009 Cochrane meta-analysis of 14 clinical trials evaluating the role of ginkgo in intermittent claudication found no evidence of a clinically important benefit in patients with peripheral arterial disease; the 2013 update reinforced this conclusion.Nicolaï 2009, Nicolai 2013 The American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association guidelines for the management of peripheral artery disease (2005/2011) state that the effectiveness of ginkgo in improving walking distance for patients with intermittent claudication is marginal and not well established (level B evidence).Anderson 2013
A Cochrane systematic review of studies to 2005, including 10 trials (N=792) assessing the efficacy of ginkgo, found no convincing evidence to support the use of ginkgo for recovery after stroke or for improvement in neurological deficit at the end of treatment.Zeng 2005
In a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial (N=102), significantly more patients in the ginkgo group achieved a 50% reduction in 4-month poststroke follow-up National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score compared with baseline than those in the placebo group (58.6% vs 18.5%, respectively; P<0.05).Oskouei 2013 In contrast, multivariate regression analysis of the trend of NIHSS scores from admission to follow-up revealed a significant decline in scores for G. biloba when adjusted for age and gender (P<0.05).Oskouei 2013
The widespread use of G. biloba extracts in clinical trials makes data from animal studies largely redundant.
It remains unclear whether ginkgo has a role in reducing the incidence of dementia in elderly patients or protecting against decline in cognitive function.
Results of 2 large clinical trials have been published: the GEM study (N=3,069) and the GuidAge study (N=2,854). The GEM study found no effect of ginkgo in reducing the incidence of dementia or in preventing decline in cognitive impairment among enrolled older adult participants with normal to mild cognitive impairment.DeKosky 2008, Snitz 2009 Similarly, in the GuidAge study, long-term use of standardized ginkgo extract had no effect on the risk of progression to Alzheimer disease compared with placebo.Vellas 2012
In the Impact of Cholinergic Treatment Use (ICTUS) study (N=828), 96.5% of patients received cholinesterase inhibitor therapy alone and 3.5% received ginkgo in combination with cholinesterase inhibitors. Improvements in Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) score were observed in the combination therapy group; however, changes in the Alzheimer’s Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive (ADAS-Cog) subscale score and the Activities of Daily Living score were not significantly different. Patients receiving combination therapy were found to have a significantly higher education level (P=0.01) and lower baseline ADAS-Cog score (P<0.01) compared to those receiving cholinesterase inhibitor therapy alone.Canevelli 2014
In a retrospective study, outcomes were compared in 189 patients 80 years or older with Alzheimer disease who had used either donepezil or standardized G. biloba extract (EGb 761) for 12 months. No differences were noted in cognitive decline, as measured by MMSE. Rates of discontinuation because of lack of effect were similar between groups; however, more donepezil patients discontinued because of adverse effects.Rapp 2018
A Cochrane meta-analysis (published in 2009 and including 36 trials) found that results lacked consistent evidence of clinically important effects on dementia or cognitive impairment. Some trials included in the meta-analysis were of small sample size, and treatment duration was less than 3 months in each of the studies.Birks 2009
The effect of G. biloba on cognitive function in healthy individuals was examined in a systematic review and meta-analysis published in 2012, which concluded that no positive effect was evident for memory, executive function, or attention in 13 studies involving more than 2,500 participants.Laws 2012
Multiple other systematic reviews have been published, with many including subgroup analyses.Butler 2018, Cicero 2018 Clinical studies involving commercial industry generally report greater improvements in cognitive and neuropsychiatric measures.Gavrilova 2014, Ihl 2011, Napryeyenko 2007, Savaskan 2018, Von Gunten 2016, Yancheva 2009
A number of guidelines have been published on the use of ginkgo in Alzheimer disease and dementia. The European Federation of Neurological Sciences guidelines on the management of Alzheimer disease (2010) state that there is insufficient evidence to support the use of ginkgo for primary prevention of dementia, and that ginkgo should not be used in the treatment of patients with mild cognitive impairment. Additionally, the guidelines state that there is inconsistent evidence supporting the use of ginkgo in the treatment or prevention of Alzheimer disease.Hort 2010 According to a British Association for Psychopharmacology revised (third) consensus statement (2017), until further evidence is available, ginkgo cannot be recommended for either treatment or prevention of Alzheimer disease.O’Brien 2017
The American Academy of Neurology (AAN) practice parameter for the management of dementia (published in 2001, reaffirmed in 2003) states that some patients with unspecified dementia may benefit from G. biloba; however, evidence-based efficacy data are lacking (practice option recommendation).Doody 2001 The American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry position statement for patients with dementia resulting from Alzheimer disease (2006) does not recommend the general use of ginkgo for Alzheimer disease.Lyketsos 2006 The American Psychiatric Association practice guideline for the treatment of patients with Alzheimer disease and other dementias (2007) does not recommend ginkgo for routine use in treating cognitive and functional loss due to uncertainty regarding safety and efficacy.Rabins 2007
Ginkgo extracts have been studied in clinical trials for conditions including schizophrenia, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), dyslexia, autism, anxiety, and migraine, with varying results.D’Andrea 2009, Donfrancesco 2007, Lovera 2007, Niederhofer 2009, Savage 2018, Woelk 2007, Yancheva 2009
As an antioxidant, ginkgo is of interest in schizophrenia. Meta-analyses of quality clinical trials evaluating ginkgo as add-on therapy in chronic schizophrenia have been conducted; G. biloba extract performed better than placebo in the management of total and negative symptoms.Chen 2015, Magalhães 2016, Singh 2010 However, data from a systematic review of herbal and nutritional products for treatment of ADHD in 50 children suggested that ginkgo 80 to 120 mg/day for 6 weeks provided no benefit compared with methylphenidate.Sarris 2011
Guidelines have been published regarding ginkgo’s use in major depressive disorder and tardive dyskinesia. AAN guidelines for the treatment of tardive syndromes, including tardive dyskinesia syndrome (2013), conclude that G. biloba extract is probably useful in treatment of tardive dyskinesia syndrome; however, data are limited to inpatients with schizophrenia.Bhidayasiri 2013 For major depressive disorder, the Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments clinical guidelines for the management of major depressive disorder in adults (2009) state there is insufficient evidence to provide recommendations regarding use of gingko.Ravindran 2009
The AAN guideline on complementary and alternative medicine in multiple sclerosis (2014) advises that ginkgo is possibly effective for reducing short-term fatigue (low-quality evidence) and is ineffective for improving cognition (high-quality evidence).Yadav 2014
A limited number of small trials evaluating use of ginkgo in diabetes have been conducted. After 3-month ingestion of G. biloba extract in one study (N=20), significant (P<0.001) increases in fasting plasma levels of insulin and C-peptide, and in insulin and C-peptide area under the curve (AUC) were observed after a 2-hour 75 g oral glucose tolerance test. No changes in glucose tolerance were observed.Kudolo 2000 In a follow-up study of type 2 diabetes patients taking oral hypoglycemic agents, ginkgo increased pancreatic beta cell function in response to glucose loading.Kudolo 2001 Over a 3-month period, the pharmacokinetic properties of metformin 500 mg once daily were not affected by coadministration of 120 mg of ginkgo.Kudolo 2006 Ingestion of 120 mg/day of standardized ginkgo extract for 3 months did not produce insulin resistance in nondiabetic and prediabetic populations, nor did it exacerbate the disease in type 2 diabetic subjects.Aziz 2018, Kudolo 2006
Evidence is lacking regarding the role of gingko in the management of menopausal symptoms or sexual function in women.Reid 2014, Wheatley 2004 Clinical trials with small sample sizes have produced varying and equivocal results regarding effects of ginkgo on sexual function.Ashton 2000, Boone 2005, Oh 2006, Ozgoli 2009, Wheatley 2004 In one study (N=99), G. biloba extract had a small but significant facilitatory effect on physiological, but not subjective, sexual arousal compared to placebo. The long-term effects of G. biloba extract on sexual function were then assessed in 68 sexually dysfunctional women randomly assigned to 8 weeks of treatment with G. biloba extract 300 mg/day, placebo, sex therapy alone, or sex therapy in combination with G. biloba extract. G. biloba extract was determined to be no more effective than placebo.Meston 2008 Canadian Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists revised clinical practice guidelines on managing menopause (2014) do not recommend ginkgo for reducing menopausal symptoms, based on a lack of evidence supporting clinical benefit.Reid 2014
Small studies suggest efficacy in treating migraine; however, methodological limitations (eg, open-label design, multi-ingredient preparations tested) do not allow for extrapolation of the findings.Allais 2013داروی ginkgo biloba
Studies in rodents suggest that antioxidant and vascular effects of ginkgo may have a role in glaucomaHirooka 2004, Wimpissinger 2007 and cataractogenesis prevention.Khedr 2018
Limited clinical studies have reported positive findings with G. biloba use in patients with glaucoma.Harris 2018, Kang 2018, Ritch 2005
In rats with induced osteoporosis given ginkgo for 30 days, bone mineral density was improved.Lucinda 2017
Protective effects were observed in a study of rats with induced periodontitis administered G. biloba extract.Freires 2018
Publication of clinical trial data makes available animal studies of tinnitus less relevant, except to establish a mechanism of action.Dogan 2018, Esen 2018
A Cochrane meta-analysis of 4 clinical trials (N=1,543) conducted up to March 2012 in adults with tinnitus, either as the primary complaint or as a component of cerebral insufficiency, showed no evidence that supplemental ginkgo was effective. In patients with vascular dementia or Alzheimer disease and tinnitus, a small but statistically significant reduction in tinnitus was observed.Hilton 2013 A literature review reports equivocal results,Mahmoudian-Sani 2017 and a small (N=56) clinical study found no effect of ginkgo supplementation on idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss for most outcomes measured, except for speech discrimination.Koo 2016
The American Association of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery clinical practice guidelines for tinnitus (2014) recommend against the use of ginkgo or other dietary supplements for treating patients with persistent tinnitus (moderate-quality aggregate evidence).Tunkel 2014
Limited studies suggest potential applications in hyperuricemia,Zhang 2017 renoprotection,Chávez-Morales 2017, Zhang 2017 aerobic performance,Sadowska-Krępa 2017 and vitiligo.Parsad 2003
Ginkgo has been evaluated for the prevention of acute mountain sickness, with equivocal results with most finding no benefit.Chow 2005, Gertsh 2004, Leadbetter 2009, Moraga 2007 A network meta-analysis of pharmacological interventions for prevention of acute mountain sickness found no significant benefit for ginkgo compared to placebo, and the addition of ginkgo to acetazolamide provided no benefit over acetazolamide alone.Sridharan 2018
Standardized ginkgo leaf extracts such as EGb 761 have been used in clinical trials for cognitive and cardiovascular disorders at daily doses of 120 to 240 mg.DeKosky 2008, Kuller 2010, Snitz 2009 Extracts are usually standardized to 24% flavones and 6% terpene lactones.DeKosky 2008, Snitz 2009 Ginkgo is commercially available in several doseforms, including teas, liquids, colas, capsules, extracts, tablets, sprays, and bars.
Pharmacokinetic testing of ginkgo doseforms, including capsules, drops, and tablets, has been conducted. When ginkgo is administered orally during fasting, bioavailability is high; food did not change the AUC quantitatively but did increase the time to maximum plasma concentration.Ude 2013, Woelkart 2010
The availability of unregulated or nonstandardized products needs to be considered when using ginkgo.Yadav 2014
Although a systematic review reports that traditional and common use has not indicated substantive risks in pregnancy or lactation, very weak scientific evidence from animal and in vitro studies shows ginkgo leaf has antiplatelet activity, and low-level evidence based on expert opinion shows ginkgo leaf may be an emmenagogue. Ginkgo should be used with caution during pregnancy, particularly around labor due to risk of prolonged bleeding time, and should be avoided during lactation.Dugoua 2006 An animal study of pregnant rats treated with ginkgo 7 to 14 mg/kg/day reported reduced fetal body weights,Pinto 2007 while another study found no evidence of embryotoxicity.Fernandes 2010
At recommended doses, standardized preparations of ginkgo leaf extract are unlikely to exhibit any clinically important interactions.Bone 2008, Unger 2013 Caution may be required with use of raw extracts of the leaf with anticoagulants, although evidence from controlled studies consistently indicates that ginkgo does not impact hemostasis.Bone 2008
At higher than recommended dose levels, weak induction of cytochrome P450 (CYP-450) 2C19- and weak inhibition of CYP3A4-mediated metabolism has been observed, as well as a limited effect on drug transporters.Unger 2013 Case reports of treatment failure implicate ginkgo, including in a 41-year-old man receiving antiretroviral therapy with efavirenz and taking a G. biloba 300 mg/day supplementNaccarato 2012; other studies suggest no interaction with raltegravir.Blonk 2012
The availability of unregulated or nonstandardized products, as well as potential interactions of supplements with pharmaceutical medications, must be considered when using ginkgo.Yadav 2014
Agents with antiplatelet properties: Herbs (anticoagulant/antiplatelet properties) may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of agents with antiplatelet properties. Bleeding may occur. Consider therapy modification.Mousa 2010, Spolarich 2007, Stanger 2012, Ulbricht 2008
Anticoagulants: Herbs (anticoagulant/antiplatelet properties) may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of anticoagulants. Bleeding may occur. Consider therapy modification.Mousa 2010, Spolarich 2007, Stanger 2012, Ulbricht 2008
Clozapine: CYP3A4 inducers (weak) may decrease the serum concentration of clozapine. Monitor therapy.Clozaril 2015, Jerling 1994, Joos 1998, Junghan 1993, Langbehn 2000, Miller 1991, Muller 1988, Peritogiannis 2007, Raitasuo 1994, Tiihonen 1995, Van Strater 2012
Efavirenz: Ginkgo biloba may decrease the serum concentration of efavirenz. Monitor therapy.Naccarato 2012, Robertson 2008, Sustiva 2013, Wiegman 2009, Zadoyan 2012
Herbs (anticoagulant/antiplatelet properties): Herbs (anticoagulant/antiplatelet properties) may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of other herbs (anticoagulant/antiplatelet properties). Bleeding may occur. Consider therapy modification.Mousa 2010, Spolarich 2007, Stanger 2012, Ulbricht 2008
Midazolam: Ginkgo biloba may decrease the serum concentration of midazolam. Monitor therapy.Robertson 2008
Nimodipine: CYP3A4 inducers (weak) may decrease the serum concentration of nimodipine. Monitor therapy.Nimodipine 2015, Tartara 1991
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents: Herbs (anticoagulant/antiplatelet properties) may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents. Bleeding may occur. Consider therapy modification.Mousa 2010, Spolarich 2007, Stanger 2012, Ulbricht 2008
Salicylates: Ginkgo biloba may enhance the anticoagulant effect of salicylates. Consider therapy modification.Bebbington 2005, Beckert 2007, Benjamin 2001, Fessenden 2001, Gardner 2007, Gilbert 1997, Jayasekera 2005, Matthews 1998, Rosenblatt 1997, Rowin 1996, Vale 1998, Wolf 2006
Thrombolytic agents: Herbs (anticoagulant/antiplatelet properties) may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of thrombolytic agents. Bleeding may occur. Consider therapy modification.Mousa 2010, Spolarich 2007, Stanger 2012, Ulbricht 2008
Vitamin K antagonists: Ginkgo biloba may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of vitamin K antagonists. Consider therapy modification.Benjamin 2001, Engelsen 2002, Jiang 2005, Jiang 2006, Matthews 1998, Odawara 1997, Rosenblatt 1997, Skogh 1998, Taki 2011, Vale 1998
In large clinical trials using maximum dosages of standardized ginkgo extract 240 mg/day for durations of up to 6 years, reported adverse reactions did not differ from those in placebo groups.Birks 2009, Dekosky 2008, Snitz 2009, Weinmann 2010 A trial evaluating the safety and effectiveness of ginkgo at dosages of 240 mg/day over 22 weeks found no difference in adverse events for ginkgo compared with placebo.Napryeyenko 2009
The effect of ginkgo on platelets is unclear, but evidence from controlled studies consistently indicates that ginkgo does not impact hemostasis.Bone 2008 Case reports of increased bleeding risk exist, but clinical trials have found no effect on platelet function.Bebbington 2005, Rosenblatt 1997, Wolf 2006 Ginkgo should be used with caution in populations with bleeding risks.Page 2016
Severe adverse reactions are rare. Case reports describe headache, dizziness, and heart palpitations, as well as GI and dermatologic reactions. Injectable forms of ginkgo may cause circulatory disturbances, skin allergy, or phlebitis; parenteral ginkgo was withdrawn from the market because of the potential for severe adverse reactions.De Smet 1997 Ginkgo products have been implicated in reports of hepatic injury collected between 2004 and 2013 by 8 US centers in the Drug-induced Liver Injury Network.Navarro 2014 Ginkgo pollen can be strongly allergenic. Contact with the fleshy drupe pulp can cause allergic dermatitis similar to that caused by poison ivy.De Smet 1997 Case reports of seizures associated with ginkgo supplementation existGranger 2001; however, ginkgo extracts have been shown to exhibit both anti- and proconvulsant activity in animal experiments.Jahanshahi 2012, Lee 2012
Data have been reported regarding the carcinogenic potential of G. biloba extract, with increased mitosis and cell proliferation observed in some,Wang 2017 but not all, rodent studies.Fernandes 2010, Grollino 2017
Limited clinical studies have also produced equivocal findings. One study (N=47) reported no increase in liver injury markers or genomic measures (micronucleus frequency, comet assay, c-myc, p53, and ctnnb1 expression profile in lymphocytes).Bonassi 2018 In an analysis of cancer as a secondary end point in the 3,069 participants of the GEM study, no protective effect of ginkgo was observed. For site-specific cancers, there were nonsignificant trends towards an increased risk of breast (HR, 2.15; 95% CI, 0.97 to 4.8; P=0.06) and colorectal (HR, 1.62; 95% CI, 0.92 to 2.87; P=0.1) cancers, and a reduced risk of prostate cancer (HR, 0.71; 95% CI, 0.43 to 1.17; P=0.18).Biggs 2010
Ginkgo seeds have been reported to induce a toxic syndrome (“Gin-nan” food poisoning). Consumption of approximately 50 ginkgo seeds has produced convulsions in a 21-month-old child, and consumption of 70 to 80 seeds induced tonic-clonic seizures and loss of consciousness in a 36-year-old woman.Benjamin 2001, Hasegawa 2006, Miwa 2001 Between 1930 and 1960, 70 reports of poisoning related to ginkgo ingestion revealed a 27% mortality rate, with infants being the most vulnerable. Ginkgotoxin (4-O-methylpyridoxine), found only in the seeds, was considered responsible for this toxicity.De Smet 1997, Newall 1996
This information relates to an herbal, vitamin, mineral or other dietary supplement. This product has not been reviewed by the FDA to determine whether it is safe or effective and is not subject to the quality standards and safety information collection standards that are applicable to most prescription drugs. This information should not be used to decide whether or not to take this product. This information does not endorse this product as safe, effective, or approved for treating any patient or health condition. This is only a brief summary of general information about this product. It does NOT include all information about the possible uses, directions, warnings, precautions, interactions, adverse effects, or risks that may apply to this product. This information is not specific medical advice and does not replace information you receive from your health care provider. You should talk with your health care provider for complete information about the risks and benefits of using this product.
This product may adversely interact with certain health and medical conditions, other prescription and over-the-counter drugs, foods, or other dietary supplements. This product may be unsafe when used before surgery or other medical procedures. It is important to fully inform your doctor about the herbal, vitamins, mineral or any other supplements you are taking before any kind of surgery or medical procedure. With the exception of certain products that are generally recognized as safe in normal quantities, including use of folic acid and prenatal vitamins during pregnancy, this product has not been sufficiently studied to determine whether it is safe to use during pregnancy or nursing or by persons younger than 2 years of age.
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Ginkgo Biloba reviews
turmeric, saw palmetto, lysine, ginkgo, lecithin, cinnamon
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Unger M(1).
Author information:
(1)Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany. m.unger@pharmazie.uni-wuerzburg.de
Ginkgo biloba leaf extracts (GLEs) are popular herbal remedies for the treatment
of Alzheimer’s dementia, tinnitus, vertigo and peripheral arterial disease. As
GLEs are taken regularly by older people who are likely to also use multiple
other drugs for the treatment of, e.g. hypertension, diabetes, rheumatism or
heart failure, potential herb-drug interactions are of interest. Preclinical
studies of high doses/concentrations of GLEs of varying quality and
standardization hinted at both an inhibition and induction of metabolic enzymes
and transporters. However, in humans, positive in vitro-findings could not be
replicated in vivo. At maximum recommended doses of 240 mg/day, a clinically
relevant interaction potential of the standardized GLE EGb 761 could not be
shown. GLE doses higher than the recommended ones led to a weak induction of the
CYP2C19-mediated omeprazole 5-hydroxylation, and a weak inhibition of the
CYP3A4-mediated midazolam 1′-hydroxylation, respectively. Also, the regular
intake of a poorly characterized GLE at a dose of 360 mg/day slightly increased
the bioavailability of talinolol, a substrate of P-glycoprotein and various
organic anion-transporting polypeptides. Thus, regarding pharmacokinetic
herb-drug interactions, the intake of the standardized GLE, EGb 761, together
with synthetic drugs appears to be safe as long as daily doses up to 240 mg are
consumed. If this applies to other extracts prepared according to the European
Pharmacopoeia remains uncertain. Also, a relevant potential for drug interactions
cannot be excluded for poorly standardized GLEs used in many food supplements.
داروی ginkgo biloba
Medically reviewed by Drugs.com. Last updated on Nov 12, 2018.
The ginkgo is the world’s oldest living tree species; it can be traced back more than 200 million years to the fossils of the Permian geologic period and is the sole survivor of the family Ginkgoaceae. Individual trees may live as long as 1,000 years and grow to a height of approximately 38 m. Ginkgo has characteristic fan-shaped leaves. Male trees more than 20 years old blossom in the spring. Adult female trees produce a plum-like, gray-tan fruit that falls in late autumn. Its fleshy pulp has a foul, offensive odor and causes skin reactions. The edible inner seed resembles an almond and is sold in Asian markets.
Ginkgo biloba L.
Ginkgo, maidenhair tree, kew tree, ginkyo, yinhsing, Japanese silver apricot
The ginkgo species almost became extinct during the last ice age that began approximately 2 million years ago. The species survived in China, where it has been cultivated as a sacred tree and still is found decorating Buddhist temples throughout Asia. Preparations have been used for medicinal purposes for more than a thousand years. Traditional Chinese physicians used ginkgo leaves to treat asthma and chilblains (inflammation of the small blood vessels in the skin in response to cold, but above freezing, temperatures). Ancient Chinese and Japanese people ate roasted ginkgo seeds and considered them a digestive aid and preventive for drunkenness. In the Western world, ginkgo has only been used since the 1960s. Ginkgo is one of the most commonly prescribed medications in Europe, but is not approved for medical use in the United States where it is sold only as a nutritional supplement.داروی ginkgo biloba
Ginkgo has been studied extensively in differing medical conditions. Evidence is lacking to support a protective role in heart/blood vessel conditions and stroke, and a definitive place in therapy for dementia and schizophrenia, although promising, is yet to be established. The findings from 2 large trials are important in evaluating the efficacy of G. biloba extracts.
Standardized ginkgo leaf extracts such as EGb 761 (Tebonin forte, Schwabe) have been used in clinical trials for mental and circulatory disorders at daily doses of 120 to 240 mg of extract.
Absolute contraindications have not been established.
Evidence is lacking on the safety of ginkgo; preparations should not be used during pregnancy and lactation.
Ginkgo may affect the metabolism of various drugs. Case reports of various interactions exist; however, consistent data are limited.
Severe adverse reactions are rare; possible reactions include headache, dizziness, heart palpitations, and GI and skin reactions. Ginkgo pollen can be strongly allergenic. Contact with the fleshy fruit pulp may cause an allergic skin reaction similar to poison ivy.
A toxic syndrome has been recognized in Asian children who have ingested ginkgo seeds.
Always consult your healthcare provider to ensure the information displayed on this page applies to your personal circumstances.
Medical Disclaimer
Ginkgo Biloba reviews
turmeric, saw palmetto, lysine, ginkgo, lecithin, cinnamon
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Drugs.com provides accurate and independent information on more than 24,000 prescription drugs, over-the-counter medicines and natural products. This material is provided for educational purposes only and is not intended for medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Data sources include IBM Watson Micromedex (updated 1 July 2019), Cerner Multum™ (updated 1 July 2019), Wolters Kluwer™ (updated 29 June 2019) and others.
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[Article in Norwegian]
Roland PD(1), Nergård CS.
Author information:
(1)RELIS Midt-Norge, Avdeling for klinisk farmakologi, St. Olavs hospital, Norway. didrik@legemidler.no
Erratum in
Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen. 2012 Jun 12;132(11):1319.
داروی ginkgo biloba
Ginkgo is probably one of the most widely used medicinal herbs in Europe. In
Norway products of ginkgo leaf extract have been approved by the Norwegian
Medicines Agency for the following indication: traditionally used to improve
blood circulation, for example, cold hands and feet. Elsewhere, ginkgo is used
for cognitive impairment and dementia, acute ischaemic stroke, intermittent
claudication, tinnitus and age-related macular degeneration. Evidence of the
efficacy of ginkgo for these indications has previously been studied by the
Cochrane Collaboration. In this update we have repeated all the searches in
Medline and EMBASE exactly as described in the five Cochrane Systematic Reviews
(last search date: 16.02.2011). We identified two new randomised and
placebo-controlled studies on cognitive impairment and dementia (3187 patients)
and one study on acute ischaemic stroke (3069 patients). The results of these
studies gave no reason to change the conclusions of earlier reviews by the
Cochrane Collaboration. There is no convincing evidence that ginkgo is effective
for cognitive impairment or dementia, acute ischaemic stroke, intermittent
claudication or tinnitus. There is still a lack of conclusive evidence for the
effect on age-related macular degeneration. Ginkgo leaf extract appears to be
safe to use, with no excess side effects compared with placebo. It can cause some
minor side effects such as stomach upset, headache, dizziness, constipation,
forceful heartbeat, and allergic skin reactions. There is some concern that
ginkgo leaf extract might increase the risk of bruising and bleeding, and
interactions with anticoagulants/antiplatelet drugs cannot be ruled out. As a
general precaution, it is recommended withdrawing ginkgo two weeks before
elective surgery.
Uebel-von Sandersleben H(1), Rothenberger A(1), Albrecht B(1), Rothenberger
LG(2), Klement S(3), Bock N(1).
OBJECTIVES: The side effects, nonresponse, and prejudices against conventional
pharmacological treatments call for complementary or alternative medical
treatments (CAM) for ADHD. One possible treatment, at least for cognitive
problems, might be the administration of Ginkgo biloba, though evidence is
currently rare. This study tests the clinical efficacy of a Ginkgo biloba special
extract (EGb 761®) and its correlation with brain electrical activity in children
with ADHD combined type according to DSM-IV.
METHOD: In this open clinical pilot study, EGb 761® was administered to 20
children with ADHD over 3 to 5 weeks. Dosage was increased to a maximum of 240 mg
daily if attention problems persisted. Possible drug side effects were assessed
using the Side Effect Rating Scale. Efficacy was assessed in a multilevel
approach including clinical assessment, quality of life (QoL), as well as
performance and preparatory brain-electrical activity evoked during a Continuous
Performance Test (Cue-CNV in the CPT).
RESULTS: A very low rate of mild adverse effects occurred during the observation
period. Following EGb 761® administration, possible improvements in QoL, ADHD
core symptoms as well as CPT performance were detected. Improved core symptoms
were positively related to elevated CNV amplitude.
CONCLUSION: This preliminary evidence suggests that EGb 761® at a maximal dosage
of 240 mg daily might be a clinically useful alternative treatment for children
with ADHD, but further evidence is required before firm conclusions can be made.
Publisher: Fragestellung: Unerwünschte Arzneimittelwirkungen, fehlende
Wirksamkeit und Vorurteile gegenüber herkömmlichen medikamentösen
Behandlungsformen verlangen nach alternativen medizinischen
Behandlungsmöglichkeiten der ADHS. Eine erfolgversprechende, bislang kaum
untersuchte Möglichkeit zur Behandlung kognitiver Aspekte ist die Gabe von Ginkgo
biloba. Ziel der vorliegenden Studie war die Prüfung klinischer Wirksamkeit und
deren Zusammenhang mit hirnelektrischer Aktivität unter der Gabe von
Ginkgobiloba-Extrakt EGb 761® bei Kindern mit ADHS vom kombinierten Subtyp nach
DSM-IV. Methodik: EGb 761® wurde in einer offenen, klinischen Studie 20 Kindern
mit ADHS über 3 bis 5 Wochen verabreicht. Die Dosis wurde bis maximal 240 mg
täglich erhöht, solange klinisch relevante Aufmerksamkeitsprobleme bestanden.
Klinische Wirksamkeit wurde auf mehreren Ebenen untersucht und beinhaltete
klinische Untersuchung, Lebensqualität und Verhaltens- und hirnelektrische
Aktivitätsparameter während eines Continuous Performance Tests (Cue-CNV im CPT).
Ergebnisse: Im Beobachtungszeitraum traten nur wenige leicht ausgeprägte
unerwünschte Wirkungen auf. Nach Gabe von EGb 761® kam es zu möglichen
Verbesserung von Lebensqualität, ADHS-Kernsymptomatik und Leistung im CPT.
Verbesserungen der Kernsymptomatik waren gleichzeitig mit erhöhter CNV-Amplitude
korreliert. Schlussfolgerung: Die Ergebnisse lassen vermuten, dass EGb 761® mit
einer Dosis von bis zu 240 mg täglich eine verträgliche und klinisch wirksame
alternative Behandlungsmöglichkeit für Kinder mit ADHS darstellt, wenngleich
weitere Studien erforderlich sind, um diese vorläufigen Befunde zu stützen.
داروی ginkgo biloba
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Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba) is one of the oldest living tree species. Most ginkgo products are made with extract prepared from its fan-shaped leaves.
The most helpful components of ginkgo are believed to be flavonoids, which have powerful antioxidant qualities, and terpenoids, which help improve circulation by dilating blood vessels and reducing the “stickiness” of platelets.
Ginkgo is commonly available as an oral tablet, extract, capsule or tea. Don’t eat raw or roasted ginkgo seeds, which can be poisonous.داروی ginkgo biloba
Most research on ginkgo focuses on its effect on dementia, memory and pain caused by too little blood flow (claudication).
Research on ginkgo use for specific conditions shows:
Ginkgo’s effect on memory enhancement has had conflicting results. While some evidence suggests that ginkgo extract might modestly improve memory in healthy adults, most studies indicate that ginkgo doesn’t improve memory, attention or brain function.
While ginkgo appears to be safe in moderate amounts, research doesn’t support use of the supplement to prevent or slow dementia or cognitive decline. Further research is needed to find out what role ginkgo might play in supporting brain function and treating other conditions.
When used orally in moderate amounts, ginkgo appears to be safe for most healthy adults.
Ginkgo can cause:
Don’t eat raw or roasted ginkgo seeds, which can be poisonous.
If you are epileptic or prone to seizures, avoid ginkgo. Large amounts of ginkgotoxin can cause seizures. Ginkgotoxin is found in ginkgo seeds and, to a lesser extent, ginkgo leaves.
If you are older, have a bleeding disorder or are pregnant, don’t take ginkgo. The supplement might increase your risk of bleeding. If you’re planning to have surgery, stop taking ginkgo two weeks beforehand.
Ginkgo might interfere with the management of diabetes. If you take ginkgo and have diabetes, closely monitor your blood sugar levels.
Some research has shown that rodents given ginkgo had an increased risk of developing liver and thyroid cancers.
Possible interactions include:
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